The myriad of issues associated with medical malpractice have been hotly debated. Despite continued attention, most policy proposals are based on research findings facing important drawbacks—data limitation and disparate methodologies. Missing and inaccurate data and poorly designed studies lead to inconsistent findings, which have made the malpractice debate vulnerable to exaggerated and invalid claims and ideological rhetoric. Another significant barrier to successful malpractice reform is the failure of researchers and policymakers to be clear about which malpractice problem they are trying to address, since different problems can require very different solutions. In an off-the-record discussion conducted by HCFO, researchers and policy experts reviewed the state of the evidence and explored whether and how research results support or call into question a variety of proposed policy solutions.